This knowledge can be useful in identifying and correcting many situations leading to poor reproductive efficiency. Except for the vulva, all parts of the reproductive tract are located within the body of the cow. Parts Fig. The internal parts are located beneath the rectum, which allows rectal palpations of the tract to be done easily. This suspension allows these organs to move freely in the pelvic canal and into the body cavity, providing space to accommodate a growing fetal calf.
The vulva Fig. The thickened folds of skin of the structure are sensitive to changes in estrogen, the hormone Fact Sheet IRM-2 responsible for estrus heat. Swelling and redness of the vulva, due to increased blood flow, can be useful in estrous detection when coupled with other signs.
The vestibule Fig. It is approximately 4 inches long. Openings from the urinary bladder and a blind sac located below the opening of the urethra called the suburethral diverticulum are located on its floor. Dairy producers and Al technicians can prevent insertion of an inseminating rod into these openings, which could result in injury or insemination failure, by knowing their location.
The vagina is located between the opening to the bladder and the cervix. Approximately 8 inches long Fig. The vagina also serves as an unrestrictive passageway for the calf at time of birth.
One important function of the vagina is as a line of defense against invasion by bacteria. The epithelium of the vagina secretes fluids which combine with cervical fluids to inhibit growth of undesirable bacteria. Protection from infections may not be sufficient when unsanitary housing conditions are prevalent, or dirty inseminating equipment is used.
